编程语言演变历史【图】

《BYTE》：A Brief History of Programming Languages

We’ve come a long way from computers programmed with wires and punch cards. Maybe not as far as some would like, though. Here are the innovations in programming.

ca. 1946

Konrad Zuse , a German engineer working alone while hiding out in the Bavarian Alps, develops Plankalkul. He applies the language to, among other things, chess.

1949

Short Code , the first computer language actually used on an electronic computing device, appears. It is, however, a "hand-compiled" language.

1951

Grace Hopper , working for Remington Rand, begins design work on the first widely known compiler, named A-0. When the language is released by Rand in 1957, it is called MATH-MATIC.

1952

Alick E. Glennie , in his spare time at the University of Manchester, devises a programming system called AUTOCODE, a rudimentary compiler.

1957

FORTRAN --mathematical FORmula TRANslating system--appears. Heading the team is John Backus, who goes on to contribute to the development of ALGOL and the well-known syntax-specification system known as BNF.

1958

FORTRAN II appears, able to handle subroutines and links to assembly language. John McCarthy at M.I.T. begins work on LISP--LISt Processing.

The original specification for ALGOL appears. The specific ation does not describe how data will be input or output; that is left to the individual implementations.

1959

LISP 1.5 appears. COBOL is created by the Conference on Data Systems and Languages (CODASYL).

1960

ALGOL 60 , the first block-structured language, appears. This is the root of the family tree that will ultimately produce the likes of Pascal. ALGOL goes on to become the most popular language in Europe in the mid- to late-1960s.

Sometime in the early 1960s , Kenneth Iverson begins work on the language that will become APL--A Programming Language. It uses a specialized character set that, for proper use, requires APL-compatible I/O devices.

1962

APL is documented in Iverson’s book, A Pro gramming Language .

FORTRAN IV appears.

Work begins on the sure-fire winner of the "clever acronym" award, SNOBOL--StriNg-Oriented symBOlic Language. It will spawn other clever acronyms: FASBOL, a SNOBOL compiler (in 1971), and SPITBOL--SPeedy ImplemenTation of snoBOL--also in 1971.

1963

ALGOL 60 is revised.

Work begins on PL/1.

1964

APL\360 is implemented.

At Dartmouth University , professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz invent BASIC. The first implementation is a compiler. The first BASIC program runs at about 4:00 a.m. on May 1, 1964.

PL/1 is released.

1965

SNOBOL3 appears.

1966

FORTRAN 66 appears.

LISP 2 appears.

Work begins on LOGO at Bolt, Beranek, & Newman. The team is headed by Wally Fuerzeig and includes Seymour Papert. LOGO is best known for its "turtle graphics."

1967

SNOBOL4 , a much-enhanced SNOBOL, appears.

1968

ALGOL 68 , a monster compared to ALGOL 60, appears. Some members of the specifications committee--including C.A.R. Hoare and Niklaus Wirth--protest its approval. ALGOL 68 proves difficult to implement.

ALTRAN , a FORTRAN variant, appears.

COBOL is officially defined by ANSI.

Niklaus Wirth begins work on Pascal.

1969

500 people attend an APL conference at IBM’s headquarters in Armonk, New York. The demands for APL’s distribution are so great that the event is later referred to as "The March on Armonk."

1970

Sometime in the early 1970s , Charles Moore writes the first significant programs in his new language, Forth.

Work on Prolog begins about this time.

Also sometime in the early 1970s , work on Smalltalk begins at Xerox PARC, led by Alan Kay. Early versions will include Smalltalk-72, Smalltalk-74, and Smalltalk-76.

An implementation of Pascal appears on a CDC 6000-series computer.

Icon , a descendant of SNOBOL4, appears.

1972

The manuscript for Konrad Zuse’s Plankalkul (see 1946) is finally published.

Denni s Ritchie produces C. The definitive reference manual for it will not appear until 1974.

The first implementation of Prolog -- by Alain Colmerauer and Phillip Roussel -- appears.

1974

Another ANSI specification for COBOL appears.

1975

Tiny BASIC by Bob Albrecht and Dennis Allison (implementation by Dick Whipple and John Arnold) runs on a microcomputer in 2 KB of RAM. A 4-KB machine is sizable, which left 2 KB available for the program.

Bill Gates and Paul Allen write a version of BASIC that they sell to MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) on a per-copy royalty basis. MITS is producing the Altair, an 8080-based microcomputer.

Scheme , a LISP dialect by G.L. Steele and G.J. Sussman, appears.

Pascal User Manual and Report , by Jensen and Wirth, is published. Still considered by many to be the definitive reference on Pascal.

B.W. Kerninghan describes RATFOR--RATional FORTRAN. It is a preprocessor that allows C-like control structures in FORTRAN. RATFOR is used in Kernighan and Plauger’s "Software Tools," which appears in 1976.

1976

Design System Language , considered to be a forerunner of PostScript, appears.

1977

The ANSI standard for MUMPS -- Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System -- appears. Used originally to handle medical records, MUMPS recognizes only a string data-type. Later renamed M.

The design competition that will produce Ada begins. Honeywell Bull’s team, led by Jean Ichbiah, will win the competition.

Kim Harris and others set up FIG, the FORTH interest group. They develop FIG-FORTH, which they sell for around $20.

Sometime in the late 1970s , Kenneth Bowles produces UCSD Pascal, which makes Pascal available on PDP-11 and Z80-based computers.

Niklaus Wirth begins work on Modula, forerunner of Modula-2 and successor to Pascal.

1978

AWK -- a text-processing language named after the designers, Aho, Weinberger, and Kernighan -- appears.

The ANSI standard for FORTRAN 77 appears.

1980

Smalltalk-80 appears.

Modula-2 appears.

Franz LISP appears.

Bjarne Stroustrup develops a set of languages -- collectively referred to as "C With Classes" -- that serve as the breeding ground for C++.

1981

Effort begins on a common dialect of LISP, referred to as Common LISP.

Japan begins the Fifth Generation Computer System project. The primary language is Prolog.

1982

ISO Pascal appears.

PostScript appears.

1983

Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation by Goldberg et al is published.

Ada appears . Its name comes from Lady Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of the English poet Byron. She has been called the first computer programmer because of her work on Charles Babbage’s analytical engine. In 1983, the Department of Defense directs that all new "mission-critical" applications be written in Ada.

In late 1983 and early 1984, Microsoft and Digital Research both release the first C compilers for microcomputers.

In July , the first implementation of C++ appears. The name is coined by Rick Mascitti.

In November , Borland’s Turbo Pascal hits the scene like a nuclear blast, thanks to an advertisement in BYTE magazine.

1984

A reference manual for APL2 appears. APL2 is an extension of APL that permits nested arrays.

1985

Forth controls the submersible sled that locates the wreck of the Titanic.

Vanilla SNOBOL4 for microcomputers is released.

Methods , a line-oriented Smalltalk for PCs, is introduced.

1986

Smalltalk/V appears--the first widely av ailable version of Smalltalk for microcomputers.

Apple releases Object Pascal for the Mac.

Borland releases Turbo Prolog.

Charles Duff releases Actor, an object-oriented language for developing Microsoft Windows applications.

Eiffel , another object-oriented language, appears.

C++ appears.

1987

Turbo Pascal version 4.0 is released.

1988

The specification for CLOS -- Common LISP Object System -- is published.

Niklaus Wirth finishes Oberon, his follow-up to Modula-2.

1989

The ANSI C specification is published.

C++ 2.0 arrives in the form of a draft reference manu al. The 2.0 version adds features such as multiple inheritance and pointers to members.

1990

C++ 2.1 , detailed in Annotated C++ Reference Manual by B. Stroustrup et al, is published. This adds templates and exception-handling features.

FORTRAN 90 includes such new elements as case statements and derived types.

Kenneth Iverson and Roger Hui present J at the APL90 conference.

1991

Visual Basic wins BYTE’s Best of Show award at Spring COMDEX.

1992

Dylan -- named for Dylan Thomas -- an object-oriented language resembling Scheme, is released by Apple.

1993

ANSI releases the X3J4.1 technical report -- the first-draft proposal for (gulp) object-oriented COBOL. The standard is expected to be finalized in 1997.

1994

Microsoft incorporates Visual Basic for Applications into Excel.

1995

In February , ISO accepts the 1995 revision of the Ada language. Called Ada 95, it includes OOP features and support for real-time systems.

1996

Anticipated release of first ANSI C++ standard .

Timeline of programming languages

This is a chronological list of programming languages.

See also Alphabetical list, Categorical list, and Generational list; Programming language, Computing timeline, and History of computing.

Table of contents

showTocToggle("show","hide")

1 pre 1950

2 1950

3 1960

4 1970

5 1980

6 1990

7 2000

pre 1950

Predecessor(s) YEAR PRODUCT -- Developer, Company

* 1840~ FIRST PROGRAM -- Lovelace

* 1945 Plankalkül -- Zuse

1950

* 1952 A-0 -- Hopper

1954 Mark I Autocode -- Brooker

A-0 1954 ARITH-MATIC -- Hopper

A-0 1955 MATH-MATIC -- Hopper

A-0 1955 FLOW-MATIC -- Hopper

A-0 1955 FORTRAN -- Backus

1956 Information Processing Language -- Newell, Shaw, Simon

FLOW-MATIC 1957 COMTRAN -- Bemer

FORTRAN 1958 FORTRAN II -- Backus

FORTRAN 1958 Algol 58

* 1959 LISP McCarthy

1960

FLOW-MATIC COMTRAN 1960 COBOL The Codasyl Committee

ALGOL 1960 Algol 60

ALGOL 1960 JOSS

FORTRAN II 1962 FORTRAN IV

* 1962 APL -- Iverson

ALGOL60 1962 Simula

FORTRAN II 1962 SNOBOL -- Griswold, et al.

ALGOL60 1963 CPL -- Barron, Strachey, et al.

SNOBOL 1962 SNOBOL3 -- Griswold, et al.

CPL LISP 1964 COWSEL Burstall, Popplestone

ALGOL60 1964 /A> IBM team

FORTRAN II, JOSS 1964 BASIC -- Kemeny and Kurtz

FORTRAN II 1966 FORTRAN IV

LISP 1966 ISWIM Landin

ALGOL60 1966 CORAL66 Real Time version of Algol 60

CPL 1967 BCPL -- Richards

Fortran LISP 1967 MUMPS -- Massachusetts General Hospital

Simula 1967 Simula67

SNOBOL3 1967 SNOBOL4 -- Griswold, et al.

Algol60 1968 ALGOL 68 -- Wijngaarten, et al.

COWSEL 1968 POP-1 -- Burstall, Popplestone

1968 Forth -- Moore (first paper, 1970)

Lisp 1968 Logo -- Papert

1970

POP-1 1970 POP-2

ALGOL60 1971 Pascal -- Wirth, Jensen

Simula67 1972 Smalltalk Environment -- Smalltalk--Digitalk

B BCPL 1972 C -- Ritchie

* 1973 PROLOG -- Colmeraurer

BASIC 1973 COMAL

LISP 1975 Scheme -- Sussman, Steele

BASIC 1975 Altair BASIC -- Gates, Allen

C FORTRAN 1976 RATFOR -- Kernighan

MUMPS 1977 X11.1 ANSI Standard MUMPS

FORTRAN IV 1978 FORTRAN77

( * 1978 VISICALC -- Bricklin, Frankston)

C SNOBOL 1979 Awk -- Aho, Kernighan

( * 1979 VULCAN DBASE-II -- Ratliff )

Algol68 1979 Green -- Ichbiah et al., US Dept of Defense

1980

C Simula67 1980 C with Classes -- Stroustrup

Simula67 1980 Smalltalk-80 -- Digitalk

Green 1983 Ada -- US Dept of Defense

C with Classes 1983 C++ -- Stroustrup

Pascal 1983 Turbo Pascal -- Hejlsberg

* 1984 Standard ML ML = Meta-Language

1977MUMPS 1985 1984 MUMPS

( dBase 1984 CLIPPER -- Nantucket )

( dBase 1985 PARADOX -- Borland )

Simula67 1986 Eiffel -- Meyer

( * 1987 HyperCard -- Apple )

( * 1987 SQL-1 )

Awk 1987 Perl -- Wall

MATLAB 1988 Octave

dBase-III 1988 dBaseIV

Awk Lisp 1988 Tcl -- Ousterhout

Turbo-Pascal 1989 Turbo-Pascal+OOP -- Borland

C 1989 Standard C -- ANSI X3.159-1989 (adopted by ISO in 1990)

Pascal Modula-II 1989 OBERON -- Wirth

1990

1990 Haskell

1984MUMPS 1990 1990 MUMPS

1991 Python -- van Rossum

1991 Q

( SQL-1 1992 SQL-2 )

Turbo-Pascal OOP 1992 Borland Pascal

1993 Brainfuck -- Mueller

Perl Smalltalk 1993 Ruby

1993 Lua

Ada 83 1995 Ada 95 -- ISO

Borland Pascal 1995 Delphi(1) -- Borland

C++ Internet OOP 1995 Java -- Sun Microsystems

1990MUMPS 1995 1995 MUMPS

Standard ML,84 1997 SML’97

PHP 3 1997 PHP

C++ 1998 C++98 -- ANS/ISO Standard C++

2000 Joy -- von Thun

C C++ COM Java 2000 C# -- Microsoft

DELPHI(5) 2001 KYLIX -- Borland

Whitespace 2003 Whitespace -- Brady and Morris

Things with unknown or questionable dates:

* 197? sh (Bourne Shell) -- Bourne

sh 19?? ksh (Korn Shell) -- Korn

ksh 199? zsh (Z Shell)

HyperCard 199? AppleScript -- Apple

* 1990 Self -- Sun Microsystems Inc

Self Java 199? LiveScript -- Brendan Eich, Netscape (Self inspired, made for Java interactions)

LiveScript 1995 JavaScript -- Netscape

JavaScript 1997 ECMAScript -- ECMA TC39-TG1

2003 Rikstation

History of Programming Languages

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