各种浏览器发展历史

各种浏览器版本发布时间表：

Mosaic

1.0

0.1

Mar. 1993

Final

Nov. 1993

2.0

Alpha 1

Jan. 1994

Alpha 2

Feb. 1994

Alpha 3

Apr. 1994

Alpha 8

Dec. 1994

Beta 1

Mar. 1995

Beta 4

Apr. 1995

Final Beta

Jul. 1995

Final

Oct. 1995

2.1

Final

Jan. 1996

3.0

Beta 2

Apr. 1996

Final

Jan. 1997

Mosaic Ends

Netscape

1.0

0.9

(Beta 1)

Oct. 1994

Final

Dec. 1994

1.1

Beta 1

Mar. 1995

Final

Apr. 1995

1.2

Beta 1

Jun. 1995

Final

Jul. 1995

2.0

Beta 1

Oct. 1995

Final

Mar. 1996

3.0

Beta 1

Apr. 1996

Beta 5

Jul. 1996

Beta 7

Aug. 1996

Final

Aug. 1996

4.0

Beta 1

Dec. 1996

Beta 2

Feb. 1997

Beta 3

Apr. 1997

Beta 4/5

May. 1997

Final

Jun. 1997

4.01-08

Updates

Jun 97-

Nov. 98

4.5

Beta 1

Jul. 1998

Beta 2

Sep. 1998

Final

Oct. 1998

4.51

Update

Mar. 1999

4.6

Update

May. 1999

4.7

Update

Sep. 1999

4.79

Update

Nov. 2001

4.8

Update

Aug. 2002

6.0

Beta 1

Apr. 2000

Beta 2

Aug. 2000

Beta 3

Oct. 2000

Final

Nov. 2000

6.01

Update

Feb. 2001

6.1PR1

Jun. 2001

6.1

Update

Aug. 2001

6.2

Update

Oct. 2001

6.2.3

Update

May. 2002

7.0

Beta 1

May. 2002

Final

Aug. 2002

7.01

Update

Dec. 2002

7.02

Update

Feb. 2003

7.1

Update

Jun. 2003

Windows IE

1.0

Final

Aug. 1995

2.0

Beta 1

Oct. 1995

Final

Nov. 1995

3.0

Alpha 1

Mar. 1996

Beta 1

May. 1996

Beta 2

Jul. 1996

Final

Aug. 1996

3.01

Update

Oct. 1996

4.0

Beta 1

Apr. 1997

Beta 2

Jul. 1997

Final

Oct. 1997

4.01

Update

Nov. 1997

5.0

Beta 1

Jun. 1998

Beta 2

Nov. 1998

Final

Mar. 1999

5.5

Beta 1

Dec. 1999

Final

Jul. 2000

6.0

Beta 1

Mar. 2001

Final

Oct. 2001

SP1

Sep. 2002

Macintosh IE

2.0

Final

Apr. 1996

2.0.1

Update

May. 1996

2.1

Beta 1

Jul. 1996

Final

Sep. 1996

3.0

Final

Jan. 1997

3.0a

Update

Feb. 1997

3.01

Update

May. 1997

4.0

Beta 1

Jul. 1997

Final

Jan. 1998

4.01

Update

May. 1998

4.5

Final

Jan. 1999

5.0

Final

Mar. 2000

5.0sr1

Update

Sep. 2001

5.1

Update

Nov. 2001

5.1.2

Update

Nov. 2001

5.1.4

Update

Jan. 2002

5.1.5

Update

Jun. 2002

5.2.1

Update

Jul. 2002

Opera

1.0

NA

NA

2.0

NA

NA

2.1

Beta 1-3

Sep.-Nov. 96

Final

Dec. 1996

2.12

Update

Feb. 1997

3.0

Beta 1-11

Sep.-Dec. 97

Final

Dec. 1997

3.1

Update

Feb. 1998

3.21

Update

Apr. 1998

3.5

Beta 1-10

Jul.-Oct. 98

Final

Nov. 1998

3.51

Update

Dec. 1998

3.6

Update

Jun. 1999

3.61

Update

Dec. 1999

4.0

Beta 1

Mar. 2000

Beta 2

Apr. 2000

Beta 3

Apr. 2000

Beta 4

May. 2000

Final

Jun. 2000

5.0

Final

Dec. 2000

5.1

Update

Apr. 2001

5.12

Update

Jul. 2001

6.0

Final

Nov. 2001

6.01-05

Updates

Feb.-Oct. 2002

7.0

Beta 1

Nov. 2002

Beta 2

Dec. 2002

Final

Jan. 2003

7.01

Update

Feb. 2003

7.1

Update

Apr. 2003

7.2B1-13

Update

Jul.-Sep. 2003

7.2

Update

Sep. 2003

以上材料作者：by Brian Wilson

Web History - Browsers

Summary: Dozens of different web browsers have been developed over the years.

The first widely used web browser was NCSA Mosaic. The Mosaic programming team then developed the first commercial web browser called Netscape Navigator, later renamed Communicator, then renamed back to just Netscape. The Netscape browser led in user share until Microsoft Internet Explorer took the lead in 1999 due to its advantage in being bundled with Windows operating systems. An open source version of Netscape was then developed called Mozilla, which was the internal name for the old Netscape browser, and released in 2002. Mozilla has since gained in market share, particularly on non-Windows platforms, due to its open source foundation.

A chronological listing of some influential early web browsers is provided below, each of which advanced the state of the art:

WorldWideWeb. Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser on a NeXT computer, called WorldWideWeb, finishing the first version on Christmas day, 1990. He released the program to a number of people at CERN in March, 1991, introducing the web to the high energy physics community, and beginning its spread.

libwww. Berners-Lee and a student at CERN named Jean-Francois Groff ported the WorldWideWeb application from the NeXT environment to the more common C language in 1991 and 1992, calling the new browser libwww. Groff later started the first web design company, InfoDesign.ch (status unknown).

Line-mode. Nicola Pellow, a math student interning at CERN, wrote a line-mode web browser that would work on any device, even a teletype. In 1991, Nicola and the team ported the browser to a range of computers, from Unix to Microsoft DOS, so that anyone could access the web, at that point consisting primarily of the CERN phone book.

Erwise. After a visit from Robert Cailliau, a group of students at Helsinki University of Technology joined together to write a web browser as a master’s project. Since the acronym for their department was called "OTH", they called the browser "erwise", as a joke on the word "otherwise". The final version was released in April, 1992, and included several advanced features, but wasn’t developed further after the students graduated and went on to other jobs.

ViolaWWW. Pei Wei, a student at the University of California at Berkeley, released the second browser for Unix, called ViolaWWW, in May, 1992. This browser was built on the powerful interpretive language called Viola that Wei had developed for Unix computers. ViolaWWW had a range of advanced features, including the ability to display graphics and download applets.

Midas. During the summer of 1992, Tony Johnson at SLAC developed a third browser for Unix systems, called Midas, to help distribute information to colleagues about his physics research.

Samba. Robert Cailliau started development of the first web browser for the Macintosh, called Samba. Development was picked up by Nicola Pellow, and the browser was functional by the end of 1992.

Mosaic. Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina from the NCSA released the first version of Mosaic for X-Windows on Unix computers in February, 1993. A version for the Macintosh was developed by Aleks Totic and released a few months later, making Mosaic the first browser with cross-platform support. Mosaic introduced support for sound, video clips, forms support, bookmarks, and history files, and quickly became the most popular non-commercial web browser. In August, 1994, NCSA assigned commercial rights to Mosaic to Spyglass, Inc., which subsequently licensed the technology to several other companies, including Microsoft for use in Internet Explorer. The NCSA stopped developing Mosaic in January 1997.

Arena. In 1993, Dave Raggett at Hewlett-Packard in Bristol, England, developed a browser called Arena, with powerful features for positioning tables and graphics.

Lynx. The University of Kansas had written a hypertext browser independently of the web, called Lynx, used to distribute campus information. A student named Lou Montulli added an Internet interface to the program, and released the web browser Lynx 2.0 in March, 1993. Lynx quickly became the preferred web browser for character mode terminals without graphics, and remains in use today.

Cello. Tom Bruce, cofounder of the Legal Information Institute, realized that most lawyers used Microsoft PC’s, and so he developed a web browser for that platform called Cello, finished in the summer of 1993.

Opera. In 1994, the Opera browser was developed by a team of researchers at a telecommunication company called Telenor in Oslo, Norway. The following year, two members of the team -- Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner and Geir Ivarsøy -- left Telenor to establish Opera Software to develop the browser commercially. Opera 2.1 was first made available on the Internet in the summer of 1996.

Internet in a box. In January, 1994, O’Reilly and Associates announced a product called Internet In A Box which collected all of the software needed to access the web together, so that you only had to install one application, instead of downloading and installing several programs. While not a unique browser in its own right, this product was a breakthrough because it distributed other browsers and made the web a lot more accessible to the home user.

Navipress. In February, 1994, Navisoft released a browser for the PC and Macintosh called Navipress. This was the first browser since Berners-Lee’s WorldWideWeb browser that incorporated an editor, so that you could browse and edit content at the same time. Navipress later became AOLPress, and is still available but has not been maintained since 1997.

Mozilla. In October, 1994, Netscape released the the first beta version of their browser, Mozilla 0.96b, over the Internet. On December 15, the final version was released, Mozilla 1.0, making it the first commercial web browser. The open source version of the Netscape browser released in 2002 was also named Mozilla in tribute to this early version.

Internet Explorer. On August 23rd, 1995, Microsoft released their Windows 95 operating system, including a Web browser called Internet Explorer. By the fall of 1996, Explorer had a third of market share, and passed Netscape to became the leading web browser in 1999.

Many other browsers were also developed in the 1990’s to address niche requirements, several of which are listed below:

Historical Web Browsers

Active Worlds

NetAttache

Air_Mosaic

NETCOMplete

Amiga

NetCruiser

EI*Net

NetManage Chameleon

EmailSiphon

NetPositive

Enhanced NCSA Mosaic

PlanetWeb

GetRight

Quarterdeck WebC

HotJava

SPRY_Mosaic

IBM WebExplorer

Spyglass Enhanced Mosaic

internetMCI

TueV Mosaic for X

IWENG

WWWC

MacWeb

Resources. The following references provide more information about browser history:

Browser applications -- lists sites that keep track of the different types of browsers which access them.

evolt Browser archive -- contains a comprehensive repository of older browser applications.

DejaVu.org -- maintains a browser history timeline and a fascinating set of older browser emulators.

专题责编：王 丹

专题美工：耿宝英

Mosaic浏览器如何引发数字革命？

作者：ZDNet China

2003年4月

1993年4月22日，伊利诺斯大学的一个学生小组发明了一段旨在从各种公共网络上获取信息的程序。

当时很少有人会预见这个叫Mosaic的程序将从根本上改变我们的日常生活。具有图形界面的网页浏览器 之前其实早已经诞生，但Mosaic是第一个被人普遍接受的浏览器，它把许多人推向了互联网。

十年后的今天，我们不得不从各方面评估它对我们的影响，从全球经济，言论自由，节日购物到网上约会。

4月22日就是 Mosaic 1.0诞生10周年的日子，我们的这篇特别报道将在透视Mosaic浏览器催生出的新技术，新行业的同时对它做一次历史回顾。

第四天 未来：超越HTML的“后浏览器时代”

辉煌遗产: 崭新的环球网

毫无疑问，网页浏览器永远改变了我们的生活并推动了信息社会的到来.

胜利者：软件巨人付出高昂代价

微软花了数十亿美金，经历数年官司，终于赢得了“浏览器战争”的胜利。但这是一次代价昂贵的胜利。

后起之秀：挑战IE的第二次机会

曾经被人们认为已经死亡的浏览器又杀了回来，因在于消费电子产品与开放源代码软件的兴起。

未来：超越HTML的“后浏览器时代”

有关于即时消息，浏览器未来的技术分析。

以上来自：http://www.zdnet.com.cn/

Web browser

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A web browser is a software package that enables a user to display and interact with HTML documents hosted by web servers. The largest networked collection of these documents is known as the World Wide Web.

Communication between the web server and the browser uses primarily the HTTP protocol. Most browsers also support other protocols, such as FTP, Gopher, and HTTPS (a SSL encrypted version of HTTP). Web browsers are able to retrieve documents stored in other file formats or in streams using these other protocols, but also using HTTP. This allows the author to embed images, animations, video and sound into a web page, or to make them accessible through the web page.

Some of the more popular browsers include additional components to support Usenet news and e-mail via the NNTP, IMAP and POP protocols. Most web browsers have the ability to save a file of bookmarks for sites the user has visited (or will often want to).

Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with Web interoperability. Modern web browsers (such as Mozilla, Opera, and Safari) support standards-based HTML and XHTML (starting with HTML 4.01), which should display in the same way across all browsers.

Tim Berners-Lee introduced the first web browser, named WorldWideWeb, on February 26, 1991.

Table of contents

showTocToggle("show","hide")

[showhide]

1 Web and web browser features

2 Examples of web browsers

2.1 Graphical

2.1.1 Gecko-based browsers

2.1.2 Internet Explorer-based browsers

2.1.3 KHTML-based browsers

2.1.4 Other Browsers

2.2 Text-based

2.3 Early browsers which are no longer being further developed

3 External links

Web and web browser features

Different browsers can be distinguished from each other by the features they support. Modern browsers and web pages tend to utilise many features and techniques that did not exist in the early days of the web. Competition between Netscape and Microsoft for browser market-share in the mid 1990s helped oversee a rapid and chaotic expansion of browser and World Wide Web feature sets. The following is a list of some of these elements and features:

Ad filtering

HTML Tables (HTML 3.02) and table color

Frames and I-Frames

Plug-ins

Java

JavaScript

Fonts (size, color) and cascading style sheets

DHTML and XML

Established graphics file formats such as PNG (ersatz for GIF), JPEG, SVG

Session management

Tabbed browsing

Examples of web browsers

Graphical

Gecko-based browsers

Mozilla

newer versions of Netscape Navigator (Netscape 6 and newer)

Beonex Communicator

Mozilla Firebird (formerly Phoenix)

IBM Web Browser for OS/2

Aphrodite

Galeon for GNOME

Salamander

Epiphany

Skipstone

K-Meleon for Windows

Camino for Mac OS X (formerly Chimera)

Internet Explorer-based browsers

Internet Explorer

MyIE2

NetCaptor

Crazy Browser

NeoPlanet

versions of the AOL interface’s embedded browser

KHTML-based browsers

Konqueror

ABrowse

Safari

OmniWeb (4.5 and later)

SkyKruzer

Other Browsers

older versions of Netscape Navigator (up to 4.xx versions)

Opera

Oregano

Amaya

iCab

NetPositive

OmniWeb

Dillo

IBrowse

AWeb

Voyager

Espial Escape

HotJava

Arachne

Off By One

Emacs/W3

Text-based

ELinks

Lynx

w3m

Links

Netrik

Early browsers which are no longer being further developed

Arena

Cello

CyberDog

MidasWWW

Mosaic

Viola

WorldWideWeb

See also: History of the Internet, Browser exploit, Browser-based software

External links

Browser timeline: http://www.blooberry.com/indexdot/history/browsers.htm (1993-2001)

evolt.org - Browser Archive

Deja Vu: (re-)creating web history

Web Browser History

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